Energy Efficiency and Carbon Emission Reduction: Policy and Sectoral Strategies for Climate Action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18226684Keywords:
Energy efficiency, Carbon mitigation, Nature-based solutions, Climate governance, Net-zeroAbstract
Mitigating climate change requires transformative strategies that simultaneously address technological, ecological, and socio-political dimensions. Energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction stand out as key pillars in this transition, particularly when implemented through integrated, cross-sectoral approaches. Technological advances—such as digital energy management systems, renewable energy deployment, and low-emission transport—offer quantifiable mitigation potential. At the same time, nature-based solutions, including afforestation and ecosystem restoration, contribute significantly to carbon sequestration while enhancing biodiversity and social resilience. The interplay between these interventions is shaped by enabling conditions such as public awareness, legal regulation, and international collaboration. This study aims to develop a multidimensional framework that unites energy efficiency, ecological restoration, and policy design. It concludes that achieving net-zero targets and climate resilience requires systems thinking, inclusive governance, and sustained policy innovation that align environmental objectives with social justice and economic viability.
References
Abeydeera, L. H. U. W., Jayantha, W. M., & Samarasinghalage, T. I. (2019). Perception of embodied carbon mitigation strategies: The case of Sri Lankan construction industry. Sustainability, 11(11), 3030. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113030
Ali, G., Mijwil, M. M., Adamopoulos, I., & Ayad, J. (2025). Leveraging the internet of things, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence for sustainable forest management. Babylonian Journal of Internet of Things, 2025, 1–65.
Ali, H., & Nawaz, M. (2013). Energy crisis and productive inefficiency: Micro-evidence from textile sector of Faisalabad. The Pakistan Development Review, 52(4), 447–465. https://doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.447-465
Andres, S. E., Standish, R. J., Lieurance, P. E., Mills, C. H., Harper, R. J., Butler, D. W., & Gallagher, R. V. (2023). Defining biodiverse reforestation: Why it matters for climate change mitigation and biodiversity. Plants, People, Planet, 5(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10329
Anoune, K., Ghazi, M., Ghazouani, M., Nasiri, B., & Zebraoui, O. (2024). Empowering industry through energy auditing: A case study of savings and sustainability. International Journal of Applied Power Engineering, 13(4), 952–962. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v13.i4.pp952-962
Awazi, N. P. (2025). Driving sustainable agroforestry through carbon credit-based policies: Realities and perspectives. Natural Resources Conservation and Research, 8(1), 10184. https://doi.org/10.24294/nrcr10184
Babiarz, B., Krawczyk, D. A., Siuta-Olcha, A., Manuel, C. D., Jaworski, A., Barnat, E., & Rynkowski, P. (2024). Energy efficiency in buildings: Toward climate neutrality. Energies, 17(18), 4680. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184680
Baird, J., Plummer, R., & Bodin, Ö. (2015). Collaborative governance for climate change adaptation in Canada: Experimenting with adaptive co-management. Regional Environmental Change, 16(3), 747–758. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0790-5
Beithou, N., Al-Taani, M., Hilal, M., & Abdellatif, Y. (2010). Proposed energy saving techniques for multi-apartment buildings in Jordan. International Journal of Thermal & Environmental Engineering, 3(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.5383/ijtee.03.01.005
Belenguer, E., García, N., & Sabater‐Grande, G. (2019). Assessment of energy efficiency improvement methods in the residential sector through the development of economic experiments. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11), 1409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1439-7
Bell, E., Fencl, A., & Mullin, M. (2022). External drivers of participation in regional collaborative water planning. Policy Studies Journal, 50(4), 945–969. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12473
Bera, M., Das, S., Garai, S., Dutta, S., Choudhury, M. R., Tripathi, S., & Chatterjee, G. (2025). Advancing energy efficiency: Innovative technologies and strategic measures for achieving net zero emissions. Carbon Footprints, 4, 3. https://doi.org/10.20517/cf.2024.48
Biondi, A., Caponi, P., Cecere, C., & Sciubba, E. (2024). An exergy-based analysis of the effects of public incentives on the so-called “energy efficiency” of the residential sector, with emphasis on primary resource use and economics of scale. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5, 1397416. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2024.1397416
Birben, Ü., Elvan, O. D., Aydın, A., Perkumienė, D., Škėma, M., & Aleinikovas, M. (2025). Property rights for forest carbon: A conceptual perspective. Sustainability, 17(2), 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020442
Brandenburg, M. (2015). Low carbon supply chain configuration for a new product – a goal programming approach. International Journal of Production Research, 53(21), 6588–6610. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2015.1005761
Buloshi, A., & Ramadan, E. (2015). Climate change awareness and perception amongst the inhabitants of Muscat Governorate, Oman. American Journal of Climate Change, 4(4), 330–336. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2015.44026
Burke, T., Rowland, C. S., Whyatt, J. D., Blackburn, G. A., & Abbatt, J. (2023). Spatially targeting national-scale afforestation for multiple ecosystem services. Applied Geography, 159, 103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.103064
Cao, H. (2025). Integrating energy efficiency, sustainable materials, and eco-city planning: A holistic approach to green building design. Applied Computing and Engineering, 123, 17–23.
Carmen, E., Fazey, I., Ross, H., Bedinger, M., Smith, F., Prager, K., & Morrison, D. (2022). Building community resilience in a context of climate change: The role of social capital. Ambio, 51(6), 1371–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01678-9
Castro, C. V. (2022). Holistic systems-thinking for policy coherence: A case study of socio-institutional challenges and opportunities for improved adoption of nature-based solutions. Environmental Science & Policy, 136, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.31223/x5m32s
Chai, S., Qiao, H., & Li, Y. (2024). Impact of household population ageing on carbon emissions: Micro-scale evidence from China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1324771. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1324771
Chakraborty, S., & Thakur, N. (2024). Reflections of adult learners on binge-watching and its detrimental impact on the environment in West Bengal, India [Preprint]. MDPI Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202407.2168.v1
Chandel, R., Chandel, S. S., Prasad, D., & Dwivedi, R. P. (2024). Sustainable passive solar and photovoltaic integrated technology interventions for climate responsive net zero energy buildings in western Himalayan mountainous terrain of India. Next Sustainability, 3, 100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxus.2024.100039
Chang, C. L., Ilomäki, J., & Laurila, H. (2024). Has the EU emissions trading system worked properly? Energies, 17(15), 3651. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153651
Chazdon, R. L. (2019). Second growth: The promise of tropical forest regeneration in an age of deforestation. University of Chicago Press.
Cho, S., Baral, S., & Burlakoti, D. (2025). Afforestation/reforestation and avoided conversion carbon projects in the United States. Forests, 16(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16010115
Chramate, I. (2019). Consumption energy saving of an energy audit within industry in Morocco. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, 8(1), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.30534/ijatcse/2019/2781.52019
Coninck, H., & Puig, D. (2015). Assessing climate change mitigation technology interventions by international institutions. Climatic Change, 131(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1344-z
Ćosić, B., Markovska, N., Krajačić, G., Taseska, V., & Duić, N. (2012). Environmental and economic aspects of higher RES penetration into Macedonian power system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 43, 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.10.042
Cox, B., Innis, S., Kunz, N., & Steen, J. (2022). The mining industry as a net beneficiary of a global tax on carbon emissions. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00346-4
Craig, M., Jaramillo, P., Zhai, H., & Klima, K. (2017). The economic merits of flexible carbon capture and sequestration as a compliance strategy with the Clean Power Plan. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(3), 1102–1109. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03652
Cusens, J., Barraclough, A. D., & Måren, I. E. (2024). Socio-cultural values and biophysical supply: How do afforestation and land abandonment impact multiple ecosystem services? Land Use Policy, 136, 106967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106967
Dangles, O., Loirat, J., Freour, C., Serre, S., Vacher, J., & Roux, X. (2016). Research on biodiversity and climate change at a distance: Collaboration networks between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0157441. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157441
Deregibus, D., Quartino, M., Zacher, K., Campana, G., & Barnes, D. (2017). Understanding the link between sea ice, ice scour and Antarctic benthic biodiversity–the need for cross-station and international collaboration. Polar Record, 53(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247416000875
Díaz, S., Pascual, U., Stenseke, M., Martín-López, B., Watson, R. T., Molnár, Z., ... & Shirayama, Y. (2018). Assessing nature's contributions to people. Science, 359(6373), 270–272. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap8823
Doss‐Gollin, J., Farnham, D., Steinschneider, S., & Lall, U. (2019). Robust adaptation to multiscale climate variability. Earth's Future, 7(7), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ef001154
Duan, H., Zhang, S., Duan, S., Zhang, W., Duan, Z., Wang, S., & Wang, X. (2019). Carbon emissions peak prediction and the reduction pathway in buildings during operation in Jilin province based on LEAP. Sustainability, 11(17), 4540. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174540
Duan, Q., Dargusch, P., & Hill, G. (2022). Carbon management behind the ambitious pledge of net zero carbon emission—A case study of PepsiCo. Sustainability, 14(4), 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042171
Duveiller, G., Filipponi, F., Ceglar, A., Bojanowski, J., Alkama, R., & Cescatti, A. (2021). Revealing the widespread potential of forests to increase low level cloud cover. Nature Communications, 12, 4337. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24551-5
Ekechukwu, D., & Simpa, P. (2024). A comprehensive review of renewable energy integration for climate resilience. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(6), 1884–1908. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i6.1187
Elias, F., Djenontin, I. N., Kamoto, J. F., & Mansourian, S. (2024). Accelerating forest landscape restoration monitoring in Africa: Informing tangible actions from a practical perspective. Restoration Ecology, 33(3), e14366. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14366
Ensor, J., & Harvey, B. (2015). Social learning and climate change adaptation: Evidence for international development practice. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 6(5), 509–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.348
Fiegenbaum, H. (2024). Complementing carbon credits from forest-related activities with biodiversity insurance and resilience value (Version 1). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.08452
Fitriana, I., Hadiyanto, H., Warsito, B., Hilmawan, E., Santosa, J., & Sugiyono, A. (2023). Implementation of electric vehicles to support energy conservation and efficiency improvement in the transportation sector in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1268(1), 012051. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1268/1/012051
Fitzpatrick, M. C., & Dunn, R. R. (2019). Contemporary climatic analogs for 540 North American urban areas in the late 21st century. Nature Communications, 10, 614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08540-3
Franklin, A. L., Grossman, A., Le, J., & Shafer, M. (2018). Creating broader research impacts through boundary organizations. Public Administration Review, 79(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12985
Gallaher, A., Graziano, M., Atkinson-Palombo, C., & Scruggs, L. (2024). Electrifying the road: Navigating the transition to electric vehicles in Connecticut through hybrid insights and fleet evolution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 459, 142574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142574
Geldmann, J., Manica, A., Burgess, N. D., Coad, L., & Balmford, A. (2019). A global-level assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas at resisting anthropogenic pressures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(46), 23209–23215. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908221116
Ghanim, I. (2024). A systematic literature review on energy efficiency in buildings energy management systems. International Innovative Journal of Applied Science, 1(2), 1–8.
Gopinath, I., Arulmozhi, P., & Murugan, S. (2023). Awareness and practices regarding climate change and its effects on health, in an urban community: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 10(11), 4273–4279. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233462
Grise, K. M. (2022). Atmospheric circulation constraints on 21st century seasonal precipitation storylines for the southwestern United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(17), e2022GL099443. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099443
Guo, Y., Tian, J., & Chen, L. (2020). Managing energy infrastructure to decarbonize industrial parks in China. Nature Communications, 11, 981. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14805-z
Hamilton, L. C. (2016). Public awareness of the scientific consensus on climate. SAGE Open, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016676296
Hamilton, M., & Lubell, M. (2017). Collaborative governance of climate change adaptation across spatial and institutional scales. Policy Studies Journal, 46(2), 222–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12224
Hasan, A. M., & Trianni, A. (2023). Boosting the adoption of industrial energy efficiency measures through Industry 4.0 technologies to improve operational performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 138597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138597
Hasegawa, T., Fujimori, S., Ito, A., & Takahashi, K. (2024). Careful selection of forest types in afforestation can increase carbon sequestration by 25% without compromising sustainability. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1), 171. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01336-4
He, B., Miao, L., Cui, X., & Wu, Z. (2015). Carbon sequestration from China’s afforestation projects. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(7), 5491–5499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4559-4
Hızıroğlu, Ö. A., & Semiz, T. (2024). Artificial intelligence in forestry: A comprehensive analysis of current applications and future perspectives. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 24(1), 303–334. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastormyo.1417537
Höijer, B. (2010). Emotional anchoring and objectification in the media reporting on climate change. Public Understanding of Science, 19(6), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662509348863
Hong, S., Cong, N., Ding, J., Piao, S., Liu, L., Peñuelas, J., & Houlton, B. Z. (2023). Effects of afforestation on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation depend on initial soil nitrogen status. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37(1), e2022GB007490. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gb007490
Hoy, Z. L., Leong, J. X., & Woon, K. S. (2023). Post-COVID-19 pandemic and the Paris Agreement: A socioeconomic analysis and carbon emissions forecasting in developed and developing countries. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 26(5), 1537–1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-023-02508-0
Huan, Y. (2025). Research on energy-efficient building design using target function optimization and genetic neural networks. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web, 12. https://doi.org/10.4108/ew.6709
Hudson, R. (2005). Towards sustainable economic practices, flows and spaces: Or is the necessary impossible and the impossible necessary? Sustainable Development, 13(4), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.282
Hughes, S., Yordi, S., & Besco, L. (2018). The role of pilot projects in urban climate change policy innovation. Policy Studies Journal, 48(2), 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12288
Humpenöder, F., Popp, A., Dietrich, J. P., Klein, D., Lotze-Campen, H., Bonsch, M., & Müller, C. (2014). Investigating afforestation and bioenergy CCS as climate change mitigation strategies. Environmental Research Letters, 9(6), 064029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064029
Hwang, H., An, S., Lee, E., Han, S., & Lee, C. (2021). Cross-societal analysis of climate change awareness and its relation to SDG 13: A knowledge synthesis from text mining. Sustainability, 13(10), 5596. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105596
Hwang, S., Lee, J., & Jang, D. (2024). Climate change awareness and pro-environmental intentions in sports fans: Applying the extended theory of planned behavior model for sustainable spectating. Sustainability, 16(8), 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083246
Igugu, H. O., Laubscher, J., Mapossa, A. B., Popoola, P. A., & Dada, M. (2024). Energy efficiency in buildings: Performance gaps and sustainable materials. Encyclopedia, 4(4), 1411–1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040089
Ioshchikhes, B., Frank, M., & Weigold, M. (2024). A systematic review of expert systems for improving energy efficiency in the manufacturing industry. Energies, 17(19), 4780. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194780
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2023). Climate change 2023: Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-synthesis/
Jänicke, M. (2015). Horizontal and vertical reinforcement in global climate governance. Energies, 8(6), 5782–5799. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8065782
Kabir, K. H., Aurko, S. Y., & Rahman, M. S. (2021). Smart power management in OIC countries: A critical overview using SWOT-AHP and hybrid MCDM analysis. Energies, 14(20), 6480. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206480
Kemp, K. B., Blades, J. J., Klos, P. Z., Hall, T. E., Force, J. E., Morgan, P., & Tinkham, W. T. (2015). Managing for climate change on federal lands of the western United States: Perceived usefulness of climate science, effectiveness of adaptation strategies, and barriers to implementation. Ecology and Society, 20(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07522-200217
Khan, M. Z. A., Khan, H. A., Ravi, S. S., Turner, J. W., & Aziz, M. (2023). Potential of clean liquid fuels in decarbonizing transportation–An overlooked net-zero pathway? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 183, 113483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113483
Khanna, N., Zhou, N., Fridley, D., & Ke, J. (2016). Quantifying the potential impacts of China's power-sector policies on coal input and CO2 emissions through 2050: A bottom-up perspective. Utilities Policy, 41, 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2016.07.001
Kim, D., Cho, H., Koh, J., & Im, P. (2020). Net-zero energy building design and life-cycle cost analysis with air-source variable refrigerant flow and distributed photovoltaic systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 118, 109508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109508
Landman, W. A., Barnston, A. G., Vogel, C., & Savy, J. (2019). Use of El Niño–Southern Oscillation related seasonal precipitation predictability in developing regions for potential societal benefit. International Journal of Climatology, 39(14), 5327–5337. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6157
Lewis, S. L., Wheeler, C. E., Mitchard, E. T., & Koch, A. (2019). Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon. Nature, 568(7750), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1066-y
Li, Y., & Zhang, J. (2024). Research on the carbon emission reduction effect of the dual pilot policy of low-carbon cities and new energy demonstration cities. Sustainability, 16(21), 9572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219572 1
Liu, J. (2022). From afforestation to forest landscape restoration in DPRK: Gaps and challenges. Trees, Forests and People, 8, 100243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100243
Liu, X., Ding, J., & Zhao, W. (2023). Divergent responses of ecosystem services to afforestation and grassland restoration in the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Environmental Management, 344, 118471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118471
Lo, K. Y., Yeoh, J. H., & Hsieh, I. Y. L. (2023). Towards nearly zero-energy buildings: Smart energy management of vehicle-to-building (V2B) strategy and renewable energy sources. Sustainable Cities and Society, 99, 104941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104941
Lonsdale, W. M., Kretser, H. E., Chetkiewicz, C. L., & Cross, M. S. (2017). Similarities and differences in barriers and opportunities affecting climate change adaptation action in four North American landscapes. Environmental Management, 60(6), 1076–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0933-1
Loporcaro, C., Albino, V., & Natalicchio, A. (2023). Regional legacy effects on radically innovative new ventures’ risks. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 32(2), 376–419. https://doi.org/10.1177/09713557231184464
Mandel, T., Kranzl, L., Popovski, E., Sensfuß, F., Müller, A., & Eichhammer, W. (2023). Investigating pathways to a net-zero emissions building sector in the European Union: What role for the energy efficiency first principle? Energy Efficiency, 16(4), 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10103-6
Mastrucci, A., Boza-Kiss, B., & van Ruijven, B. J. (2024). Towards net-zero emissions in global residential heating and cooling: A global scenario analysis. Climatic Change, 178(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03734-7
Mata, É., Kalagasidis, A. S., & Johnsson, F. (2013). Energy usage and technical potential for energy saving measures in the Swedish residential building stock. Energy Policy, 55, 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.023
Mateo, M. C. G., & Tillie, N. (2022). Enabling the mainstreaming of nature-based solutions into policy-making and governance. EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-10493
Matsunaga, F., Zytkowski, V., Valle, P., & Deschamps, F. (2022). Optimization of energy efficiency in smart manufacturing through the application of cyber–physical systems and Industry 4.0 technologies. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 144(10), 102104. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4053913
Mavrodieva, A. V., Rachman, O. K., Harahap, V. P., & Shaw, R. (2019). Role of social media as a soft power tool in raising public awareness and engagement in addressing climate change. Climate, 7(10), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7100122
McEvoy, D., Iyer‐Raniga, U., Ho, S., Mitchell, D., Jegatheesan, V., & Brown, N. (2019). Integrating teaching and learning with inter-disciplinary action research in support of climate resilient urban development. Sustainability, 11(23), 6701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236701
Missanjo, E., Mberema, E., & Mbango, O. (2025). Sustainable land use and value addition practices to combat land degradation and enhance food security in arid and semi-arid regions. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology, 17(1), 31–41.
Mohan, M., Richardson, G., Gopan, G., Aghai, M. M., Bajaj, S., Galgamuwa, G. P., & Cardil, A. (2021). UAV-supported forest regeneration: Current trends, challenges and implications. Remote Sensing, 13(14), 2596. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142596
Morkovina, S. S., Yakovenko, N. V., Sheshnitsan, S. S., Kuznetsov, D., Shashkin, A., Tretyakov, A., & Stepanova, J. (2024). Potential and investment attractiveness of implementing climate projects on disturbed lands. Sustainability, 16(19), 8562. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198562
Morshed, A. S. M., & Shahjalal, M. (2024). Optimizing energy efficiency: A comprehensive analysis of building design parameters. Academic Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Education, 4(4), 10–69.
Murillo, S., Potts, J., & Castellanos, S. (2024). Modeling the impact of electric vehicle adoption and charging strategies in ERCOT. Environmental Research: Energy, 1(4), 045016. https://doi.org/10.1088/2753-3751/ad7802
Mustapha, Z., Abilgah, T., & Tieru, C. K. (2025). Enhancing energy efficiency and management in smart buildings: A holistic approach. Journal of Applied Science and Technology Trends, 6(1), 16–24. https://doi.org/10.38094/jastt61204
Myers, T. A., Nisbet, M. C., Maibach, E. W., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2012). A public health frame arouses hopeful emotions about climate change. Climatic Change, 113(3-4), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0513-6
Neugebauer, G., Kretschmer, F., Kollmann, R., Narodoslawsky, M., Ertl, T., & Stoeglehner, G. (2015). Mapping thermal energy resource potentials from wastewater treatment plants. Sustainability, 7(10), 12988–13010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71012988
Nhật, T. N. (2024). Improving energy efficiency. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24(3), 2254–2257. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.3.3899
Novelli, N., Shultz, J. S., Aly Etman, M., Phillips, K., Vollen, J. O., Jensen, M., & Dyson, A. (2022). Towards energy-positive buildings through a quality-matched energy flow strategy. Sustainability, 14(7), 4275. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074275
Octaceria, S., & Rahardja, L. (2020). Carbon emission reduction’s impact on a company’s performance. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Management, Accounting, and Economy (ICMAE 2020) (pp. 257–262). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200915.059
Oldfield, E. E., Warren, R. J., Felson, A. J., & Bradford, M. A. (2013). Challenges and future directions in urban afforestation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5), 1169–1177. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12124
Pan, A., Zhang, W., Xie, Q., Dai, L., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Do carbon emissions accelerate low-carbon innovation? Evidence from 285 Chinese prefecture-level cities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36), 50510–50524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14291-w
Pappalardo, C. (2025). Financing Europe’s transition to a low-carbon economy. In The European Environmental Conscience in the EU: Finance, Innovation, and External Relations of the EU (p. 65). Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
Pita, K., Wickham, S. B., Davis, E. L., Lauriault, P., Johnson, A., Le, N. Q., & Trant, A. J. (2024). How does restoration ecology consider climate change uncertainties in forested ecosystems? Restoration Ecology, 32(8), e14265. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.14265
Poortinga, W., Spence, A., Whitmarsh, L., Capstick, S., & Pidgeon, N. (2011). Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change. Global Environmental Change, 21(3), 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.001
Prangel, E., Kasari‐Toussaint, L., Neuenkamp, L., Noreika, N., Karise, R., Marja, R., & Helm, A. (2023). Afforestation and abandonment of semi‐natural grasslands lead to biodiversity loss and a decline in ecosystem services and functions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 60(5), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14375
Price, C. R., Nimbalkar, S. U., Thirumaran, K., & Cresko, J. (2023). Smart manufacturing pathways for industrial decarbonization and thermal process intensification. Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems, 7(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1520/SSMS20220031
Rahman, M., Kabir, E., Akon, A., & Ando, K. (2015). High carbon stocks in roadside plantations under participatory management in Bangladesh. Global Ecology and Conservation, 3, 412–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.01.011
Ren, J., & Coffman, G. (2023). Integrating the resilience concept into ecosystem restoration. Restoration Ecology, 31(5), e13907. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13907
Rhoné, B., Defrance, D., Berthouly‐Salazar, C., Mariac, C., Cubry, P., Couderc, M., & Vigouroux, Y. (2020). Pearl millet genomic vulnerability to climate change in West Africa highlights the need for regional collaboration. Nature Communications, 11, 5274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19066-4
Ribeiro, J., Falanga, R., & Moniz, J. (2025). Assessing the role of democratic innovations in environmental sustainability: A systematic literature review. Sustainable Development. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3545
Ricart, S., Cantos, J., & Amorós, A. (2018). Evaluating public attitudes and farmers’ beliefs towards climate change adaptation: Awareness, perception, and populism at European level. Land, 8(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8010004
Rinaldi, A., Syla, A., Patel, M. K., & Parra, D. (2023). Optimal pathways for the decarbonisation of the transport sector: Trade-offs between battery and hydrogen technologies using a whole energy system perspective. Cleaner Production Letters, 5, 100044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpl.2023.100044
Rosenow, J., & Eyre, N. (2022). Reinventing energy efficiency for net zero. Energy Research & Social Science, 90, 102602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2022.102602
Ruan, X. (2019). A study on energy consumption and reduction technology in buildings’ HVAC. Journal of World Architecture, 3(3), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v3i3.802
Sabir, T., Haider, S. T., Ahmad, Z., Yasir, A., & Razaq, A. (2024). A literature survey on advanced insulation material in buildings. Journal of Syntax Transformation, 5(12), 1335–1352. https://doi.org/10.46799/jst.v5i12.1158
Saidaliyeva, Z., Muccione, V., Shahgedanova, M., Bigler, S., Adler, C., & Yapiyev, V. (2024). Adaptation to climate change in the mountain regions of Central Asia: A systematic literature review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 15(5), e891. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.891
Saraji, S., & Borowczak, M. (2021). A blockchain-based carbon credit ecosystem [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.00185
Savo, V., Morton, C., & Lepofsky, D. (2017). Impacts of climate change for coastal fishers and implications for fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 18(5), 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12212
Seavy, N. E., Gardali, T., Golet, G. H., Griggs, F. T., Howell, C. A., Kelsey, R., & Weigand, J. (2009). Why climate change makes riparian restoration more important than ever: Recommendations for practice and research. Ecological Restoration, 27(3), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.27.3.330
Seddon, N., Daniels, E., Davis, R., Chausson, A., Harris, R., Hou-Jones, X., & Wicander, S. (2020). Global recognition of the importance of nature-based solutions to the impacts of climate change. Global Sustainability, 3, e15. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.8
Segun-Falade, O. D., Osundare, O. S., Kedi, W. E., Okeleke, P. A., Ijomah, T. I., & Abdul-Azeez, O. Y. (2024). Developing innovative software solutions for effective energy management systems in industry. Engineering Science & Technology Journal, 5(8), 2649–2669. https://doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i8.1365
Seraj, M., Parvez, M., Khan, O., & Yahya, Z. (2024). Optimizing smart building energy management systems through Industry 4.0: A response surface methodology approach. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(2), 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtechs.2024.100079
Shahid, Z. (2023). Awareness for better adaptation strategy development for climate change impacts in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Science, 67(4), 419–421. https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v67i4.414
Shi, H., & He, X. (2023). The legal guarantee for achieving carbon peak and neutrality goals in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032555
Soni, R., Dvivedi, A., & Kumar, P. (2025). Carbon neutrality in transportation: In the context of renewable sources. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 19(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2024.2325345
Srour, N., Thiffault, É., & Boucher, J. (2024). Exploring the potential of roadside plantation for carbon sequestration using simulation in Southern Quebec, Canada. Forests, 15(2), 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15020264
Stanišić, M., Lovrić, M., Nedeljković, J., Nonić, D., & Malovrh, Š. (2021). Climate change governance in forestry and nature conservation in selected forest regions in Serbia: Stakeholders classification and collaboration. Forests, 12(6), 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060709
Stephens, J. C. (2024). The dangers of masculine technological optimism: Why feminist, antiracist values are essential for social justice, economic justice, and climate justice. Environmental Values, 33(1), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/09632719231208752
Sterle, K., & Singletary, L. (2017). Adapting to variable water supply in the Truckee-Carson River system, western USA. Water, 9(10), 768. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9100768
Su, J., Friess, D. A., & Gasparatos, A. (2021). A meta-analysis of the ecological and economic outcomes of mangrove restoration. Nature Communications, 12, 5050. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25349-1
Sulistyawati, S., Mulasari, S. A., & Sukesi, T. W. (2018). Assessment of knowledge regarding climate change and health among adolescents in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2018, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9716831
Sundaramoorthy, S., Kamath, D., Nimbalkar, S., Price, C., Wenning, T., & Cresko, J. (2023). Energy efficiency as a foundational technology pillar for industrial decarbonization. Sustainability, 15(12), 9487. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129487
Sweileh, W. M. (2020). Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on food security in the context of climate change from 1980 to 2019. Agriculture & Food Security, 9, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-020-00266-6
Swinfield, T., & Scott, E. T. (2025). Scientific credibility for high-integrity voluntary carbon markets [Preprint]. Cambridge Open Engage. https://doi.org/10.33774/coe-2025-f0j70-v2
Tang, D., Zhang, Y., & Bethel, B. J. (2020). A comprehensive evaluation of carbon emission reduction capability in the Yangtze River economic belt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020545
Timilsina, R. R., Zhang, J., Rahut, D. B., Patradool, K., & Sonobe, T. (2025). Global drive toward net-zero emissions and sustainability via electric vehicles: An integrative critical review. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 10(2), 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-024-00342-1
Tsai, Y. C. (2025). Enhancing transparency and fraud detection in carbon credit markets through blockchain-based visualization techniques. Electronics, 14(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14010157
Türker, E. (2019). Sustainability strategies in construction companies; Investigation of its effect on competitiveness and firm sustainability performance [Unpublished master's thesis]. Balikesir University.
Vincent, B. C. (2024). Natural forest regeneration and tree planting complexity: An enigma of climate mitigation in the world of technology. Journal of Kenya National Commission for UNESCO, 4(1), 1–17.
von Malmborg, F. (2024). The eye of every storm: Policy entrepreneurs to strengthen the role of energy efficiency in EU climate policy [Preprint]. MDPI Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202409.1073.v2
Wall, T. U., Meadow, A. M., & Horganic, A. (2017). Developing evaluation indicators to improve the process of coproducing usable climate science. Weather, Climate, and Society, 9(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-16-0008.1
Wang, H., Yue, C., & Luyssaert, S. (2023). Reconciling different approaches to quantifying land surface temperature impacts of afforestation using satellite observations. Biogeosciences, 20(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-75-2023
Wang, L., Zhang, Q., Zhang, M., & Wang, H. (2021). Waste converting through by-product synergy: An insight from three-echelon supply chain. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(7), 9734–9754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16100-w
Wang, Z. (2024). Research on application of electric vehicles in urban transportation systems for greenhouse gas reduction. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 121, 432–439. https://doi.org/10.54097/tafm0554
Waring, B., Neumann, M., Prentice, I. C., Adams, M., Smith, P., & Siegert, M. (2020). Forests and decarbonization–Roles of natural and planted forests. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 3, 534891. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00058
Weber, S., & Wiesmeth, H. (2018). Environmental awareness: The case of climate change. Russian Journal of Economics, 4(4), 328–345. https://doi.org/10.3897/j.ruje.4.33619
Webster, R., Harrison, M., & Zitikyte, G. (2024). Digital tools to mitigate climate change: A scoping review [Preprint]. OSF Preprints. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/92sp3
Whitney, C. K., Conger, T., Ban, N. C., & McPhie, R. (2020). Synthesizing and communicating climate change impacts to inform coastal adaptation planning. FACETS, 5(1), 704–737. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2019-0027
Wilson, P. R., Clark, S. M., & Scott, C. P. (2024). Energy efficiency optimization in mechanical systems: Innovative approaches in industrial applications. International Journal of Industrial Innovation and Mechanical Engineering, 1(2), 28–32. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijiime.v1i2.61
Wu, Z., & Sun, Y. (2022). How to treat gossip in internet public carbon emission reduction projects? Sustainability, 14(19), 12809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912809
Xiao, Z. (2024). Beyond a green future: A comprehensive analysis of electrification in transportation - Opportunities, challenges, and suggestions. Applied and Computational Engineering, 59, 260–267. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/59/20240817
Yang, X., Guo, W., Gao, X., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Low-carbon optimization model of energy-transportation system based on parking processes and hydrogen conversion processes. International Journal of Green Energy, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2024.2389124
Yang, Y., & Xu, X. (2023). Production and carbon emission abatement decisions under different carbon policies: Supply chain network equilibrium models with consumers’ low‐carbon awareness. International Transactions in Operational Research, 31(4), 2734–2764. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.13242
Yıldız, C. (2024). Sanayide enerji verimliliğinde son gelişmeler: Türkiye örneği. Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology, 12(3), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.29109/gujsc.1442017
Yosef, G., Walko, R., Avisar, R., Tatarinov, F., Rotenberg, E., & Yakir, D. (2018). Large-scale semi-arid afforestation can enhance precipitation and carbon sequestration potential. Scientific Reports, 8, 996. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19265-6
Yu, L., Liu, T., Tu, Y., Chen, X., Du, Z., Wu, H., & Zhou, Y. (2025). Afforestation on abandoned croplands in China has the potential to increase carbon sequestration by half [Preprint]. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6119575/v1
Yu, S., Zhang, S., & Yuizono, T. (2021). Exploring the influences of innovation climate and resource endowments through two types of university–industry collaborative activities on regional sustainable development. Sustainability, 13(14), 7559. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147559
Zach, F., Erker, S., & Stoeglehner, G. (2019). Factors influencing the environmental and economic feasibility of district heating systems—A perspective from integrated spatial and energy planning. Energy, Sustainability and Society, 9, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13705-019-0202-7
Zhan, H. (2024). Environmental impacts of transportation electrification: A comparative analysis of energy efficiency and pollution reduction. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 121, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.54097/m1j7q837
Zhao, Y., Li, M., Long, R., Liu, Z., & Liu, W. (2023). Techno-economic analysis of converting low-grade heat into electricity and hydrogen. Carbon Neutrality, 2(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43979-023-00057-0
Zhou, G., Zhou, X., Eldridge, D. J., Han, X., Song, Y., Liu, R., & Delgado‐Baquerizo, M. (2022). Temperature and rainfall patterns constrain the multidimensional rewilding of global forests. Advanced Science, 9(18), 2201144. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201144
Zou, F., Zhou, Y., & Yuan, C. (2020). The impact of retailers’ low-carbon investment on the supply chain under carbon tax and carbon trading policies. Sustainability, 12(9), 3597. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093597
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Black Sea Journal of Environmental Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
